Moisture Control in Buildings (ASTM Manual, No. 1
(Astm Manual Series)
By Heinz R. Trechsel
Publisher: ASTM International
Number Of Pages: 495
Publication Date: 1994-02
ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0803120516
ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780803120518
Product Description:
This volume provides important data and applicable information relating to moisture problems in buildings; their diagnosis, prevention, and rehabilitation. It gives the reader information on how to design and maintain moisture-resistant buildings and how to investigate and correct moisutre problems in existing buildings.
Contents
Preface
Introduction
vii
ix
PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter l--Fundamentals of Transport and Storage of Moisture in
Building Materials and Components
by Marinkal K. Kumaran, Gintautas P. Mitalas, and Mark
T. Bomberg
Chapter 2--Modeling Heat, Air, and Moisture Transport through
Building Materials and Components
by Tuomo Ojanen, Reijo Kohonen, and Marinkat K.
Kumaran
Chapter 3--Relevant Moisture Properties of Building Construction
Materials
by Ronald P. Tye
Chapter 4--Effects of Moisture on the Thermal Performance of
Insulating Materials
by Catherine Langlais, Anne Silberstein, and Per Ingvar
Sandberg
Chapter $--Moisture-Related Properties of Wood and the Effect of
Moisture on Wood and Wood Products
by Gerald E. Sherwood
Chapter 6--Moisture, Organisms, and Health Effects
by Harriet A. Burge, H. Jenny Su, and John D. Spengler
Chapter 7--Climate
by Frank J. lowell
Chapter 8--Moisture Sources
by Jeffrey E. Christian
PART 2: APPLICATIONS
Chapter 9--Effect of Air Infiltration and Ventilation
by David T. Harr]e
Chapter 10--Heating and Cooling Equipment
by Russell M. Keeter
Chapter 1 l--Design Tools
by Anton Ten Wolde
Chapter 12--Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation
by Peter L. Lagus
Chapter 13--Troubleshooting
by Heinz R. Trechsel
Appendix on Statistical Considerations
by Sheryl Bartlett
Chapter 14--Case Studies of Moisture Problems in Residences
by George Tsongas
PART 3: CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter IS--General Construction Principles
by Paul R. Achenbach
Chapter 16--General Considerations for Roofs
by Wayne Tobiasson
Chapter 17--Moisture Control for New Residential Buildings
by Joseph Lstiburek and John Carmody
Chapter 18--New High-Rise Commercial and Residential Buildings
by Gustav Handegord
Chapter 19--Recommendations for Remedial and Preventive Actions
for Existing Residential Buildings
by William B. Rose
Chapter 20--Recommendations for Remedial and Preventative
Actions for Existing Commercial, Institutional, and
High-Rise Buildings
by Warren R. French
Chapter 2 l--Manufactured Housing
by Michael F. Werner
Chapter 22--Moisture in Historic Buildings and Preservation
Guidance
by Sharon C. Park
PART 4: IMPLEMENTATION
Chapter 23--Contract Documents and Moisture Control
by Richard B. Mundle
Chapter 24--Applicable Guidelines, Standards, and Codes
by Wayne P. Ellis
Chapter 2S--Legal Considerations and Dispute Resolution: The
Water-Related Construction Failure
by Bruce W. Ficken
Chapter 26--A Conceptual System of Moisture Performance Analysis
by Mark T. Bomberg and Cliff J. Shirtliffe
Bibliography
Index
Metric Conversion Table
Preface
Well defined and soundly constructed buildings have many virtues, among them the
ability to serve their intended purpose, to provide a pleasant and esthetic environment,
and to become an essential and beautiful backdrop for human life. Furthermore, buildings
must be structurally sound and resist loads, such as their own weight, the weight of
occupants and contents, wind, and seismic loads. They must keep out rain and other
elements; they must provide a healthy indoor environment with regard to heating and
cooling and in terms of indoor air pollutants; and they must maintain their functions
over an extended service life.
All these functions are directly affected by moisture. Uncontrolled moisture will
reduce the structural soundness of buildings through dry rot in wood and corrosion in
steel. Moisture affects the health of occupants directly and through the potential for
breeding harmful organisms. Moisture can reduce the service life through premature
degradation of components. In short, uncontrolled moisture will negate the most vital
and important qualities of buildings. On the other hand, moisture reduces the drying
out and shrinking of wood products and furniture, and, up to a point, will alleviate upper
respiratory discomfort. Thus, moisture is both a necessary constituency of our environment
and a potential liability. The issue, then, is not to eliminate moisture from our
buildings, but to control it both within the building interior as well as within building
components and materials.
According to ASTM Practices for Increasing Durability of Building Constructions
Against Water-Induced Damage (E 241), "except for structural errors, about 90 percent
of all building construction problems are associated with water in some way." It is therefore
understandable that much information on moisture in buildings is available, and
that many books and technical papers have been written over the last 50 years on the
subject of moisture and moisture control in buildings. A complete library of books,
reports, technical papers and monogrmns, standards, and data relating to moisture control
in buildings would include several thousand titles, and the serious researcher concerned
with this field may quite regularly peruse several hundred.
Several good reference documents include sections on moisture control in buildings.
A short bibliography of useful reference publications is provided at the end of this manual.
In addition, many technical publications and conference proceedings by various
organizations such as ASTM, ASHRAE, and BETEC are available and contain valuable
research papers on moisture control in buildings. Also, much information on moisture
in buildings is scattered throughout the literature as technical reports prepared by
research organizations such as the National Institute for Standards and Technology, the
Forest Products Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Princeton University.
However, much of that literature is difficult to obtain and access. Many such texts are
referenced in the various chapters of thi s manual. All these publications are valuable
and are highly recommended to those interested in the subject of moisture control in
buildings in general or in any particular aspect of it.
However, there has been to date no publication which provides a comprehensive
overview of the various issues and data related to moisture control in buildings. It is the
intent of this manual to provide such an overview, to bring together in one volume the
most important data and applicable state of the art relating to moisture problems in
buildings, their diagnosis, prevention, and rehabilitation, and to synthesize the existing
information and technology as a basis for indicating good design practice. It is the hope
of the authors and the editor that this volume will serve as a desk-top reference manual
for use by those who design, construct, sell, maintain, and own buildings and homes.
The chapters on standards and codes, contract documents, and legal aspects of moisture
control should aid in understanding the various mechanisms available for effective
implementation of moisture control strategies.
Given the critical nature of moisture control in buildings, it is not surprising that early
literature treated moisture as a separate, serious, distinct, and most important potential
problem in building construction. However, since about 1974, the need for energy conservation
has moved into a commanding position as the major concern in building performance,
crowding out moisture as a primary concern. In addition, some energy conservation
measures, such as the reduction of infiltration and ventilation, were applied
unthinkingly and with little regard to the overall performance of buildings, sometimes
causing moisture problems as side effects. As a result, concerns for moisture were relegated
to a position of unfortunate, and possibly even apparently necessary, side effects
of energy conservation measures. Because of this, those who promoted energy conservation
were expected to solve moisture problems as well.
Of course, well-designed and installed energy conservation measures, be it in new or
existing buildings, do not "cause" moisture problems, although inept application of
some energy conservation measures can increase the propensity for moisture problems
in already marginal structures. And, similarly, most moisture problems in buildings
have causes other than energy efficiency. What both energy inefficiency and moisture
problems have in common are poor design and a lack of understanding of how buildings
and their equipment perform under the varied conditions of climate and occupancy.
Great strides have been made in the development of technology to increase energy efficiency,
to the point that energy-efficient building design has evolved into an interdisciplinary
science. Moisture control in buildings has also made great strides over the last
few years. ASTM has held several symposia and conferences and has published proceedings.
Other organizations have done likewise, and the number of moisture-related
technical contributions to national building technology conferences has increased significantly.
For example, the second ASHRAE Conferences on Thermal Performance of
Exterior Envelopes of Buildings in 1982 included seven papers on moisture control; the
fifth similar conference in 1993 contained 17 papers on moisture. However, even today,
moisture resistance is not, as a matter of code requirements, routinely designed into
buildings as is structural integrity or temperature control because moisture, in the past,
was not considered related to health and safety despite the long-recognized fact that
moisture can lead to deterioration and eventual failure of the structure and the more
recent recognition of detrimental health effects.
Accordingly, moisture control is not currently recognized as a separate and essential
part of building technology. Even in such prestigious publications as the ASHRAE Handbook
on Fundamentals and the Architectural Graphics Standard, moisture control is not
'treated as a separate subject; rather, parts are scattered over several chapters.
One objective of this manual is to help establish moisture control in buildings as a
separate and major branch of building technology and building sciences. As such, moisture
control must draw from many established sciences and technologies: the physics
of heat and moisture transfer, material sciences, biology and health sciences, computer
simulations, and others. For most of these, this manual will provide a basis of knowledge
and data needed to prevent, investigate, and solve the most common moisture problems.
Beyond the information and data provided in this manual, the referenced sources
should provide the missing data and information for those who wish to study the issues
more deeply.
From the beginning of the development of the book proposal and periodically thereafter,
the question was raised as to who the intended audience was. We believe the manual
will be useful to all those involved in designing and maintaining moisture-resistant
buildings and in solving and repairing moisture problems in existing buildings: architects,
owners, maintenance personnel, investors, researchers, and those who have to
settle disputes resulting from moisture damage. For those who are experts within a particular
area or chapter of the manual, the material covering such expertise may not be
of great value as they, being experts, will have readily available specialized handbooks
and other technical literature. Thus, the physicist will learn little from Chapter 1 on the
fundamentals of moisture transport, condensation, and evaporation, and the mechanical
engineer may find Chapter 2 on modeling heat, air, and moisture transport through
building materials on components too general and basic for his needs. However, all
experts and lay persons will benefit from the chapters outside their area of expertise.
This publication did not rely on a call for papers to solicit contributors. Rather, a book
outline was prepared by the editor with input from many experts and was reviewed and
approved by the ASTM Committee on Publications. Chapter authors were then selected
based on expertise in their field. It was my task as editor to assure that the individual
chapters conformed in a general way to the original outline and to reduce the number
of conflicts and repetitions.
Were moisture control in buildings a mature science, this manual would contain no
or only minor and infrequent conflicts or inconsistencies between the findings of one
researcher or practitioner and others. But moisture control is not a mature science and
therefore some of the foremost experts, researchers, and practitioners disagree on
major issues. Where such disagreements have occurred, they were retained. So that
each chapter might stand on its own, we also did not eliminate repetitions. Finally,
although each chapter has undergone a rigorous peer review by three qualified reviewers,
the manual is not a consensus document in the sense that ASTM uses the term, and
the recommendations given in individual chapters are not necessarily those of ASTM or
of the sponsoring committees, Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and C 16 on
Thermal Insulation.
It is the hope of the authors and the editor that this manual will identify some of the
knowledge gaps, will lead to more research for developing a more complete understanding
of all aspects of moisture control in buildings, and will help to establish moisture
control as a recognized, interdisciplinary engineering discipline much like that of
energy conservation.
Heinz R. Trechsel
Editor
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