13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., CanadaAugust 1-6, 2004

13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
Vancouver, B.C., Canada
August 1-6, 2004

In this topic you can download papers of this conference
Sender of papers: Engineer Saeid Tahernia

A STUDY ON ENERGY DISSIPATING BEHAVIORS AND RESPONSE
PREDICTION OF RC STRUCTURES WITH VISCOUS DAMPERS
SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKES
Norio HORI1, Yoko INOUE2 and Norio INOUE3
SUMMARY
In the concept of performance based earthquake resistant design, appropriate evaluation of seismic
demand and capacity of structures is important, and simple procedures for response prediction are
required. In this study, energy dissipating behaviors of reinforced concrete structures with viscous
dampers subjected to earthquakes, are investigated, and based on these results, a procedure to predict
inelastic response displacement by equalizing dissipated damping and hysteretic energy of structures to
earthquake input energy is proposed.
Seismic resisting capacity of viscous damper that is effective device to control earthquake response of
buildings passively, is evaluated by damping force and dissipated damping energy, and then appropriate
estimation of response velocity is required. In the first part of this paper, properties of response velocity of
SDOF (single degree of freedom) system with viscous damper subjected to earthquakes, is investigated.
And the concept and examples of a procedure to predict the inelastic response displacement of structures
are shown.

HYSTERESIS MODEL OF STEEL MATERIAL FOR THE BUCKLING
RESTRAINED BRACE CONSIDERING THE STRAIN RATE
DEPENDENCY
Satoshi YAMADA1, Michio YAMAGUCHI2, Toru TAKEUCHI3 and Akira WADA4
SUMMARY
In this study, in order to clarify the hysteresis behavior of low yield strength steel considering the strain
rate dependency, a series of dynamic and quasi-static loading test of low yield strength steel was carried
out. The main parameters of the test were strain rate and loading pattern. Experimental results were
divided into displacement dependence part and velocity dependence part. By dividing it into two
components and evaluating each component separately, it is possible to construct a hysteresis model that
is easily used for inelastic response analysis. The displacement dependence part of the hysteresis was
modeled in poly-linear model, after it divided into skeleton part, Bauschinger part and skeleton part. On
the other hand, the velocity dependence part of the hysteresis was also modeled as a function of the strain
rate. The model was reflected the effect of the cumulative strain. Using these models, the hysteresis
behavior of low yield strength steel, which receives the dynamic loading, becomes be able to be simply
and accurately predicted.

INELASTIC STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UPPER WALLLOWER
FRAME SYSTEM WITH VARIATION IN THE LOWER
STORIES
Dae han JUN1, Pyeong doo KANG2 and Jae ung KIM3
SUMMARY
The upper wall-lower frame system (mixed building structures) can be divided into three partition,
namely, upper wall, lower frame, and transfer system which link two partition. These structures are
characterized by an irregularity such as stiffness irregularity, mass irregularity, and vertical geometric
irregularity. This study figures out seismic performance and structural behavior characteristics of the
mixed building structure through pushover analyses.
The variation of lower frame stories is considered only for three types of analysis model. The conclusions
of this study are following: Due to the mixed building structures fixed in the ground and a large stiffness
in the transfer system, a concentrated response was made at the lower part of the lower structure in
pushover analysis. Also, the plastic hinges took place earlier in ends of beam of the second story, in the
base of column on the first story, and in the capital of the lower column of the transfer system
successively.

A SUBSYSTEMS METHOD IN SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE
GROUND MOTIONS USING A DIRECT 3-D BOUNDARY ELEMENT
METHOD
Takanori HARADA1, Yousuke OKADA2, Koutaku OHO2, and Masaki KOBAYASHI3
SUMMARY
Since the physical processes of propagation of seismic waves generated by a kinematic model of fault
rupture in laterally inhomogeneous layered media can be consistently and rigorously represented by the
boundary integral equations and these equations can be numerically solved with making use of the direct
boundary element method, the simulation method of ground motions using the 3 dimensional BEM is
attractive from a theoretical viewpoint. In this paper, to improve the weak points of the 3 dimensional
BEM concerning the capacity of computational memory and the computational time, the method of
subsystems analysis of entire system consisting of an earthquake source and the laterally inhomogeneous
layered media has been developed. The advantages of the developed method of subsystems analysis have
been demonstrated by the numerical examples of simulation of ground motions for an earthquake source
and sedimentary valley model.

NEW ZEALAND ADVANCES IN PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC
DESIGN
Andrew KING1 and Roger SHELTON2
1
SUMMARY
This paper provides a summary of the objectives and principles which underpin the soon to be published
2004 edition of the New Zealand earthquake design standard, AS/NZS 1170 part 5. As with many modern
earthquake design standards, the New Zealand earthquake design standard recognizes that earthquake
resistant design that only addresses life safety goals without addressing both operational continuity of
essential facilities and damage control, falls short of public expectations. Such standards not longer meet
societal expectations.
The paper outlines how these issues have been addressed within New Zealand, and some of the issues
addressed by the review committee in preparing appendices to the standard to provide guidance to
materials standard writers to ensure consistency with the proposed approach. Recognizing the significance
of non-structural components and parts of buildings in both damage control and operational continuity has
been an important step forward in attaining the performance levels required.

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF FULL SCALE REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMNS CONTAINING COAL ASH

Hideo ARAKI1 and Kenji KABAYAMA2

SUMMARY
Two types of static loading tests using full scale concrete columns containing high volume coal sash were
carried out in the laboratory.
The first one was the monotonic compressive loading tests of unreinforced full scale concrete columns to
clarify the mechanical properties of concrete containing coal ash. In these tests, considered parameter was
a mix property for concrete containing coal ash. Three types of mix properties, normal concrete, concrete
containing coal ash as a replacement of fine aggregate, and high fluidity concrete containing coal ash as a
partial replacement of cement were prepared.
The second one was the seismic loading tests of reinforced concrete columns which were designed as the
flexural- shear failure type, subjected to lateral reversal loadings under the constant axial load, to clarify
the seismic performance of those columns. In these test, considered parameter was specified design
compressive strength of concrete while mix properties of concrete was common in all test specimens.
From results of full scale columns, it is anticipated that there is strong possibility of using concrete
containing high volume coal ash for reinforced concrete building structures.

ANALYTICAL STUDY ON COMPOSITE WALL-FRAME BUILDING
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE

Toko HITAKA1 Kenji SAKINO2 Toru MINEMATSU3

SUMMARY
A new composite wall system, consisting of two RC wall panels, short flexural members and coupling
girders of wide flanges, is introduced. In this system, two RC panels are comparatively stiff members,
which behave in elastic manner without cracking during large earthquake. Short flexural members that
link RC panels to the base and roof girders, and wide flanges coupling RC panels which act as shear links,
deform under earthquake load. Taking advantage of the wall system to prevent collapse and soft story, a
simple design method, which focuses on overturning moment resisted by the wall system is introduced.
Beam-column frames, which are combined with wall systems, is uniform frames that has the same section
along height. Analytical results are presented for four series of fiber model FEM analyses. Based on
results of pushover analysis using composite wall models, the shear link girders yield at roof drift angle of
0.0025rad. The new wall system is effective in leveling story deformation along height. Hysteretic
damping of the shear link girders reduces overall story drift of the building. Drift of uniform frames is
larger than 0.02 rad. if base shear capacity or column overstrength is small. Combined with the new
composite wall system, maximum story angle is reduced to 0.01 or less.

A NEW PROPOSAL FOR LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL BASED ON
ENERGY BALANCE METHOD
Shuichi SHIMOMURA 1, Noriaki SAKO 2, Toshio ADACHI 3
SUMMARY
In this study, a new method for the evaluation of liquefaction potential based on energy balance is
proposed using pseudo-dynamic tests. This method has been developed to evaluate the liquefaction
potential and dynamic property of surface layers by using commonly used parameters such as initial shear
modulus, reference strain and liquefaction resistance. In order to verify the proposed method, a simulation
analysis was conducted on the soil of two different artificial islands, Kobe Port Island and Rokko Island,
where the liquefaction damages were observed in the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake. Though the
two islands are closely located, significant different liquefaction damages were observed. Although it is
difficult to represent such different damage patterns by the present simple method used in Japan, however,
the proposed method can effectively evaluate the actual damage by in consideration of the difference of
the stiffness of clay layer underlying the reclaimed ground.

EVALUATING DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC ENERGY IN
MULTISTORY FRAMES
Chung-Che CHOU1 And Chia-Ming UANG2
SUMMARY
A simplified procedure similar to the response spectrum method has been developed to
estimate the energy absorbed in each mode from energy spectra, and the distribution of energy
along frame height is evaluated based on energy shapes established by non-linear modal
pushover analysis. The statistics of the estimate of energy are presented for a variety of
building frames subjected to ground motion ensembles. The study shows that (1) the proposed
procedure which includes the higher mode effects can reasonably predict the total energy and
the energy distribution in a structure, (2) the majority of the seismic energy is contributed by
the first mode response, and (3) the second-mode energy needs to be considered to predict the
damage in the upper stories.